By 1930, Art Deco was the skyscraper style of choice, seen in the Chrysler Building and Empire State Building in New York City. These features provide the building with a more austere form of the Gothic Revival that continued to be popular through the early 20th century. From the shaft, a spire rises, tiered three times and topped with a pinnacle. At 55 stories tall, it was built with a clearly articulated base at the street level, and then a wide shaft rises punctuated by cornices that provide visual pauses to minimize the building's vertical consistency. The Woolworth Building, constructed in 1911-1913 by Cass Gilbert, is a good example of the restrained historicism that continued to pervade skyscraper designs. Sullivan's firm was in Chicago, but by the early 1900s New York City began to dominate skyscraper construction. Here the street-level story forms a base delineated by a cornice, while the middle of the building rises up like the shaft of a column and is capped with a heavy cornice at the roofline, much like a capital. Louis in 1891, is even more austere, yet it maintains a basic organization seen in its clearly articulated tripartite division that mimics the column. Louis Sullivan's Wainwright Building, constructed in St. Granite sheathes the first three stories, while a lighter, less expensive brick is used on the upper registers.
Skyscraper construction 1930s windows#
Jenney's Manhattan Building, also constructed that year in Chicago, is a 16-story building-unprecedented for its day-with a façade of bay windows that allow considerable light into the building. Piers anchor each of the four corners, providing the building with several strippeddown historical references that give a visual organization to the structure. Built with a tall, fenestrated gallery level at the street, the structure rises with six registers of double windows capped by a thick cornice. Jenney's two earliest steel-framed buildings have been demolished, but in 1891 he constructed the Leiter II Building on State Street, which still exists as the city's oldest department store. In addition to the industrial production of steel, the invention of the electric passenger elevator in 1889 made the skyscraper logistically feasible.Ĭhicago's first steel-framed buildings were constructed by William Le Baron Jenney. Steel was superior in its tensile strength to iron and allowed for greater structural possibilities, which were immediately explored by architects. Skyscrapers were made possible with the introduction of steel, which by the mid-19th century was beginning to be mass-produced through a more efficient and economical method. The building set the stage for the subsequent construction of many more austere skyscrapers in Chicago, in a style sometimes called the "Chicago School." The skyscraper originated in Chicago because of the large amount of construction that took place there after the Fire of 1871 by the turn of the century, the building type had quickly spread to all major urban areas of the United States.
Although this building, with its rusticated stone and arched windows, resembled at first glance a Renaissance palace, its clean lines and lack of exterior sculptural detail also show a break from the Beaux-Arts tradition in which Richardson had been trained. On the exterior, the building featured seven registers of fenestration grouped to demarcate several tall warehouse floors on the interior. Henry Hobson Richardson anticipated the development of the skyscraper in the United States with his Marshall Field Warehouse, built in Chicago in the 1880s and demolished in the 1930s.
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